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Updated on March 27, 2016

Links to full-text articles are provided where available.
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Boodman, S. (2017, Mar. 15). Two Words Can Soothe Patients Who Have Been Harmed: We're Sorry. Kaiser Health News. Received from:

Tan, Z. (2016, July 20). For surgeons, talking about adverse events can be difficult: Study. Kaiser Health News. Retrieved from:

(2016, May). Communication and Optimal Resolution (CANDOR). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from:

(2016, Apr.). Implementation Guide for the CANDOR Process. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from:

Anderson, J. Should Radiology Apologize? Practice Management. July 31, 2014.

Disclosing medical errors to patients: Effects of nonverbal involvement. Patient Education and Counseling. 94(3):310-313, Mar. 2014.

Schiff G and others. Doing right by our patients when things go wrong in the ambulatory setting. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 40(2):91, Feb. 2014.

Martinez W and others. Role-modeling and medical error disclosure: a national survey of trainees. Academic Medicine. Online first, Jan. 20, 2014.

Kachalia, A., Bates, D., and Youngson, G. Disclosing medical errors: views from the United States and the United Kingdom. Surgeon 12:64-72, 2014. [US view]; [UK view]

de Wit ME, and others. Supporting second victims of patient safety events: shouldn't these communications be covered by legal privilege? Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. 41:852-858, Winter 2013.

Tabler, Jr., N. Dealing with a medical mistake: Should physicians apologize to patients? Medical Economics. Nov. 10, 2013.

Gallagher, T., and others. Talking with patients about other clinicians' errors. New England Journal of Medicine. 369:1752-1757, Oct. 31, 2013.

Lembitz, A. Litigation alternative: COPIC’s 3rs program. Disclosure and early reimbursement can deter medical liability lawsuits. New England Journal of Medicine. September 10, 2013.

Rodak, S. 4 Tips to implement a transparent medical error disclosure policy. Becker’s Hospital Review. July 30, 2013.

Petronio, S., and others. Disclosing medical mistakes: A communication management plan for physicians. The Permanente Journal. 17(2):73-79, Spring, 2013.

Stroud, L., and others. Teaching medical error disclosure to physicians in training a scoping review. Academic Medicine. Apr. 24, 2013.

Boothman, R., and Hoyler, M.M. University of Michigan’s early disclosure and offer program. The Bulletin. March 2, 2013.

Leadership Response to a Sentinel Event: Respectful, Effective Crisis Management. Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Feb. 22, 2013.

Seaman, A. Patients and their families are rarely told when hospitals make mistakes with their medicines, according to a new study. Reuters Health, Jan. 11, 2013.

Schwartz JC. A dose of reality for medical malpractice reform. NYU Law Revew. 88:1224-1307, 2013.

Amori, G. Disclosure of Unanticipated Events in 2013 Prologue to the Re-Release of the Three ASHRM Disclosure Monographs. Chicago, IL: ºÚÁÏÕýÄÜÁ¿ Association. 2013.