AHA Team Training Research and Evidence Base
TeamSTEPPS and other team training methodologies have been used by health care professionals across the United States as well as internationally. The research cataloged here describes some of the approaches used in specific settings of care, as well as evaluation efforts to quantify or qualify impact.
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Anesthesiology
Chopra, V., Bovill, J., & Spierdijk, J. (1992). . British Medical Journal 68, 13-7.
Fletcher, G., Flin, R., McGeorge, P., Glavin, R., Maran, N., & Patey, R. (2003). British Journal of Anaesthesiology 90(5), 580-8.
Flin, R., Fletcher, G., McGeorge, P., Sutherland, A., & Patey R. (2003). Anaesthesiology 58, 233-42.
Gaba, D. (1989). International Anesthesiology Clinics 27(3), 137-47.
Gaba, D. M., Fish, K. J., & Howard, S. K. (1994). Crisis Management in Anesthesiology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Gaba, D. M., Howard, S. K., & Small, S. D. (1995). Human Factors 37, 20-31.
Howard, S., Gaba, D., Fish, K., Yang, G., & Sarnquist, F. (1992). Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 63(9), 763-70.
Lingard L, Regehr G, Orser B, et al. (2008). Archives of Surgery 143(1), 12-17.
Russell, R., Burke, K., & Gattis, K. (2013). Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing: Official Journal of The American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses / American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses 28(1), 3-10.
Shear, T. D., Greenberg, S. B., & Tokarczyk, A. (2013). Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 26(2), 159-63.
Weinger, M. B., & Englund, C. E. (1990). Anesthesiology 73, 995-1021.
Yee, B., Naik, V., et al. (2005). Anesthesiology 103(2), 241-8.
Burnout and Resiliency
Sands, S. A., Stanley, P., & Charon, R. (2008). The Journal of Supportive Oncology 6(7), 307-12.
Smith, C. D., Balatbat, C., Corbridge, S., et al. (2018). NAM Perspectives.
Crew Resource Management Training
France, D., Stiles, R., Gaffney, E., et al. (2005). Association of periOperative Registered Nurses Journal 82(2), 213-24.
Haller G, Garnerin P, Morales MA, et al. (2008). International Journal of Quality Health Care 20(4), 254-63.
Morey, J., Simon R., Jay GD, & Rice MM. (2003). A transition of aviation crew resource management to hospital emergency departments: the MedTeams story. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 826-31).
Paull, D. E., Deleeuw, L. D., Wolk, S., Paige, J. T., Neily, J., & Mills, P. D. (2013). Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 44(11), 516-24.
Pratt, S., Mann, S., Salisbury, M., et al. (2007). John M. Eisenberg Patient Safety and Quality Awards. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 33(12), 720-5.
Shea-Lewis A. (2009). Journal of Healthcare Quality 31, 14-18.
Sundar, E., Sundar, S., Pawlowski, J., Blum, R., Feinstein, D., & Pratt, S. (2007). Anesthesiology Clinics 25(2), 283-300.
Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program
Timmel, J., Kent, P. S., Holzmueller, C. G., Paine, L. A., Schulick, R. D., & Pronovost, P. J. (2010). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 36(6), 252-60.
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
Assis-Hassid, S., Grosz, B.J., Zimlichman, E., Rozenblum, R., & Bates, D.W. (2019). PloS One 14(2).
Sieja, A., Markley, K., Pell, J., Gonzalez, C., Redig, B., Kneeland, P., & Lin C.T. (2019). Mayo Clinic Proceedings 94(5), 793-802.
Emergency Care
Bellomo, R., Goldsmith, S., Uchino, J., Buckmaster, J., Hart, G., Opdam, H., et al. (2004). Critical Care Medicine 32(4), 916-21.
Eppich, W. J., Brannen, M., & Hunt, E. A. (2008). Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20(3), 255-60.
Jones, D., Bellomo, R., & DeVita, M. A. (2009). Critical Care 13(5), 313.
Kipnis, A., Rhodes, K., Burchill, C., & Datner, E. (2013). The Journal Of Emergency Medicine 45(5), 731-8.
Krug, S. E. (2008). Pediatric Radiology 38(Suppl 4), S655-9.
Lisbon, D., Allin, D., Cleek, C., Roop, L., Brimacombe, M., Downes, C., & Pingleton, S. K. (2014). American Journal of Medical Quality 31(1), 86-90.
Morey, J., Simon, R., Jay, G. D., & Rice, M. M. (2003). A transition of aviation crew resource management to hospital emergency departments: the MedTeams story. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 826-31).
Morey, J. C., Simon, R., Jay, G. D., Wears, R. L., Salisbury, M., Dukes, K. A., & Berns, S. D. (2002). Health Services Research 37(6), 1553-81.
Mazzocato, P., Forsberg, H., & Schwarz, U. (2011). Scandinavian Journal Of Trauma, Resuscitation And Emergency Medicine 15, 19-70.
Patel, P., & Vinson, D. (2005). Annals of Emergency Medicine 46(6), 499-506.
Patterson, M. D., Geis, G. L., et al. (2013). BMJ Quality and Safety 22(6), 468-77.
Peters, V.K., Harvey, E.M., Wright, A., Bath, J., Freeman, D., & Collier, B. (2018). Journal of Emergency Nursing 44(1), 19-25.
Turner, P. (2012). Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 35(3), 208-12.
Intensive Care
Clarke D. (2010). Journal of Interprofessional Care 24(3), 285-297.
Durbin, C. G. Jr. (2006). Critical Care Medicine 34(3 Suppl), S12-7.
Eppich, W. J., Brannen, M., & Hunt, E. A. (2008). Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20(3), 255-60.
Figueroa, M., Sepanski, R., Goldberg, S., & Shah, S. (2013). Pediatric Cardiology 34(3), 612-619.
Haig, K. M., Sutton, S., & Whittington, J. (2006). SBAR: A shared mental model for improving communication in the ICU using daily goals. Journal of Critical Care 18(2), 71-5.
Huang, D. T., Clermont, G., Sexton, J. B., et al. (2007). Critical Care Medicine 31(1), 165-76.
Kydona, C., Malamis, G., Giasnetsova, T., Tsiora, V., & Gritsi-Gerogianni, N. (2010). Hippokratia 14(2), 94-97.
Meurling, L., Hedman, L., Sandahl, C., Fell盲nder-Tsai, L., & Wallin, C. (2013). BMJ Quality & Safety 22(6), 485-94.
Nunnink, L., Welsh, A., Abbey, M., & Buschel, C. (2009). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 37(1), 74-78.
Pronovost, P., Berenholtz, S., Dorman, T., Lipsett, P. A., Simmonds, T., & Haraden, C. (2003). Journal of Critical Care 18(2),71-5.
Pronovost, P., Berenholtz, S., Goeschel, C., Thom, I., Watson, S., Holzmueller, C., et al. (2008). Journal of Critical Care 23(2), 207-221.
Reader, T., Flin, R., Mearns, K., & Cuthbertson, B. (2009). Critical Care Medicine 37(5), 1787-1793.
Sandahl, C., Gustafsson, H., et al. (2013). International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 26(2), 174-88.
Sexton, J. B., Berenholtz, S. M., Goeschel, C. A., et al. (2011). Critical Care Medicine 39(5), 934-9.
Stahl, K., Palileo, A., Schulman, C., Wilson, K., Augenstein, J., Kiffin, C., et al. (2009). Journal of Trauma 67(3), 430-3.
Thomas, E. J., Sexton, J. B., & Helmreich, R. L. (2003). Critical Care Medicine 31(3), 956-9.
Interprofessional Education
Baker, M. J., & Durham, C. (2013). Journal of Nursing Education 52(12), 713-718.
Best, J.A., & Kim, S. (2019). Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 50(8), 355-361.
Brock, D., Abu-Rish, E., Chiu, C., Hammer, D., Wilson, S., Vorvick, L., et al. (2013). BMJ Quality & Safety 22(5), 414-23.
Claramita, M., Riskiyana, R., Susilo Pratidina, A., Huriyati, E., Wahyuningsih, M.S.H., & Norcini, J.J. (2019). Journal of Mutltidisciplinary Healthcare 12, 191-204.
Ekmekci, O., Plack, M., Pintz, C., Bocchino, J., Lelacheur, S., & Halvaksz, J. (2013). Journal of Allied Health 42(1), 17-24.
Garbee, D. D., Paige, J., et al. (2013). Nurse Education Perspectives 34(5), 339-44.
Jeffs, L., Abramovich, I. A., et al. (2013). BMJ Quality and Safety 22(11), 923-30.
Liaw, S. Y., Zhou, W. T., Lau, T. C., Siau, C., & Chan, S. W. (2013). Nurse Education Today 34(2), 259-64.
Maraccini, A. M., Houmanfar, R. A., Kemmelmeier, M., Piasecki, M., & Slonim, A. D. (2018). Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice 12, 65-72.
Morison, S., Boohan, M., Moutray, M., & Jenkins, J. (2004). Nurse Education in Practice 4(1), 20-9.
Paige, J. T., Garbee D. D., et al. (2013). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 218(1), 140-9.
Sands, S. A., Stanley, P., & Charon, R. (2008). The Journal of Supportive Oncology 6(7), 307-12.
Sawyer, T., Laubach, V. A., Hudak, J., Yamamura, K., & Pocrnich, A. (2013). Neonatal Network 32(1), 26-33.
Salas, E., Lazzara, E. H., Benishek, L. E. & King, H. (2013). The Journal of the International Association of Medical Science Educators 23(3S), 524-531.
Just Culture
Marx, D. (2001, April 17). Patient Safety and the 鈥淛ust Culture鈥: A Primer for Health Care Executives (Rep.). Retrieved .
Norman, D. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Basic Books.
Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 60 (2018). Developing a reporting culture: Learning from close calls and hazardous conditions. Retrieved .
Labor and Delivery
Block M., Ehrenworth J. F., et al. (2013). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 39(5), 213-20.
Borckardt, J.J., Annan-Coultas, D., Catchpole, K., Wise, H., Mauldin, M., Ragucci, K., Scheurer, D., & Kascak, K. (2020). J Interprof Educ Pract 18.
Clark, S. (2008). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199(2), 105:e1-7.
Daniels, K. & Auguste, T. (2013). Seminars in Perinatology 37(3), 146-50.
Daniels, K., Lipman, S., Harney, K., Arafeh, J., & Druzin, M. (2008). Simulation in Healthcare 3(3), 154-60.
Gardner, R., Walzer, T. B., Simon, R., Raemer, D. B. (2008). Simulation in Healthcare 3(2), 119-27.
Grunebaum A., Chervenak F., Skupski D. (2011). American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology 204(2), 97-105.
Haller, G., Garnerin P., Morales M. A., et al. (2008). International Journal of Quality Health Care 20(4), 254-63.
Mann, S., et al. (2006). Joint Commission Journal on Quality Patient 32, 497-505.
Mann, S., & Pratt, S. D. (2008). Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 51(4), 666-79.
Maxfield, D. G., Lyndon, A., Kennedy, H. P., O'Keeffe, D. F. & Zlatnik, M. G. (2013). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 209(5), 402-408.e3.
Morgan, P., Pittini, R., Regehr, G., Marrs, C., & Haley, M. (2007). Anesthesiology 106(5), 907-15.
Nielsen, P. E., Goldman M. B., Mann S., et al. (2007). Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(1), 48-55.
Pettker, C. M., Thung, S. F., Norwitz, E.R., et al. (2009). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200(5), 492.e1-8.
Pratt, S., Mann, S., Salisbury, M., et al. (2007). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 33(12), 720-5.
Riley, W., David S., Miller, K., et al. (2011). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 37(8), 357-64.
Simpson, K. R., James, D. C., & Knox, G. E. (2006). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neonatal Nursing 35(4), 547-56.
Thomas, E. J., Sexton, J. B., & Helmreich, R. L. (2004). Quality & Safety in Health Care 13(Suppl 1), i57-64.
Veltman, L. L. (2007). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196(6), 587 e1-4.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Barbosa, V. (2013). Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 33(1), 5-26.
Brodsky, D., Gupta, M., et al. (2013). BMJ Quality and Safety 22(5), 374-82.
Brown, M. S., Ohlinger, J., Rusk, C., Delmore, P., Ittmann, P., & CARE Group. (2003). Pediatrics 111(4 Pt 2), e482-8.
Ohlinger, J., Brown, M. S., Laudert, S., Swanson, S., Fofah, O., & CARE Group. (2003). Pediatrics 111(4 Pt 2), e471-81.
Sawyer, T., Laubach, V. A., Hudak, J., Yamamura, K. & Pocrnich, A. (2013). Neonatal Network 32(1), 26-33.
Thomas, E. J., Sherwood, G. D., Mulhollen, M. A., Sexton, J. B., & Helreich, R. L., (2004). Journal of Perinatology 24(9), 552-9.
Patient and Family Engagement
Cox, E.D., Jacobsohn, G.C., Rajamanickam, V.P., Carayon, P., Kelly, M.M., Wetterneck, T.B., Rathouz, P.J., & Brown R.L. (2017). Pediatrics 139(5).
Khan, A., Spector, N. D., Baird, J. D., et al. (2018). BMJ 363, k4764.
Kilpatrick, K., Tchouaket, 脡., Paquette, L., Guillemette, C., Jabbour, M., Desmeules, F., Landry, V., & Fernandez, N. (2019). BMC Health Services Research 19(1), 9.
Kim, J.M., Suarez-Cuervo, C., Berger, Z., Lee, J., Gayleard, J., Rosenberg, C., Nagy, N., Weeks, K., & Dy, S. (2018). Patient 11(2), 193-206.
Pediatric Care
Eppich, W. J., Brannen, M., & Hunt, E. A. (2008). Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20(3), 255-60.
Patel, D. R., Pratt, H. D., & Patel, N. D. (2008). Pediatric Clinics of North America 5(6), 1375-90, ix.
Rosen, P., Stenger, E., Bochkoris, M., Hannon, M. J., & Kwoh, C. K. (2009). Pediatrics 123(4), e603-8.
Sands, S. A., Stanley, P., & Charon, R. (2008). The Journal of Supportive Oncology 6(7), 307-12.
Perioperative Care
Rhee et al. (2017). American Journal of Medical Quality 32(4), 369-375.
Tyerman, Z., Mehaffey, J.H., Hawkins, R.B., Diop, M., Carroll, N.D., Howell, A.M., Kern, J.A., Ailawadi, G., & Teman, N. (2019). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery.
Physician/Nurse Collaboration
Dechairo-Marino, A., Jordan-Marsh, M., Traiger, G., & Saulo, M. (2001). The Journal of Nursing Administration 31(5), 223-232.
Lingard, L., Regehr, G., Orser, B., et al. (2008). Archives of Surgery 143(1), 12-17.
Makary, M. A., Sexton, J. B., Freischlag, J. A., et al. (2006). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 202(5), 746-52.
Rosenstein, A. H., et al. (2002). Physician Executive 28(6), 8-11.
Saxton, R., Hines, T., & Enriquez, M. (2009). Journal of Patient Safety 5(3), 180-3.
Simpson, K. R., James, D. C., Knox, G. E. (2006). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neonatal Nursing 35(4), 547-56.
Primary Care
Abu, O., & N铆 Riain, A. (2012). Irish Medical Journal 105(2), 60-61.
Adam, P., Brandenburg, D., Bremer, K., & Nordstrom, D. (2010). Families, Systems & Health: The Journal of Collaborative Family Healthcare 28(3), 247-257.
Bilello, L.A., Scuderi, C., Haddad, C.J., Smotherman, C., & Shahady, E. (2018). Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 9.
Delva, D., Jamieson, M., & Lemieux, M. (2008). Journal of Interprofessional Care 22(6), 598-611.
Fiscella K, Mauksch L, Bodenheimer T, & Salas E. (2017). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 43(7), 361-368.
Gannon, M., Qaseem, A., Snooks, Q., & Snow, V. (2012). American Journal of Public Health 102(7), e46-e52.
Goldberg, D., Beeson, T., Kuzel, A., Love, L., & Carver, M. (2013). Population Health Management 16(3), 150-6.
Jesmin, S., Thind, A., & Sarma, S. (2012). Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 105(1), 71-83.
Kroner, B., Shanahan, R., & Vogel, E. (2011). Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: Japha 51(1), 95-99.
Parker, A. L., Forsythe, L. L., & Kohlmorgen, I. K. (2018). Journal of Healthcare Risk Management 38(4), 19-31.
Paul, M., Dodge, L., Intondi, E., Ozcelik, G., Plitt, K., & Hacker, M. (2017). Journal of Healthcare Risk Management 36(4), 25-36.
Samuelson, M., Tedeschi, P., Aarendonk, D., De La Cuesta, C., & Groenewegen, P. (2012). Quality in Primary Care 20(4), 303-312.
Safety Culture and Safety Improvement
Bogn脿r, A., Barach, P., Johnson, J. K., et al. (2008). Annals of Thoracic Surgery 85(4) 1374-81.
Colla, J., Bracken, A., Kinney, L.m & Weeks, W. (2005). Quality and Safety in Health Care 14(5) 364-6.
Cooke, M. (2016). Journal of Healthcare Risk Management 36(1), 35-45.
Huang, D. T., Clermont, G., Sexton, J. B., et al. (2007). Critical Care Medicine 31(1) 165-76.
Jones, K., Skinner, A., High, R., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2013). BMJ Quality & Safety 22(5), 394-404.
Kachalia, A., Sands, K., Niel, M. V., et al. (2018). Health Affairs 37(11), 1836-1844.
Maxfield, D. G., Lyndon, A., Kennedy, H. P., O'Keeffe, D. F. & Zlatnik, M. G. (2013). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 209(5), 402-408.e3.
Pronovost, P. J., Weast, B., Bishop, K., et al. (2004). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety 30(2) 59-68.
Sexton, J. B., Berenholtz, S. M., Goeschel, C. A., et al. (2011). Critical Care Medicine 39(5) 934-9.
Sexton, J. B., Helmreich, R. L., Neilands, T. B., et al. (2006). BMC Health Services Research 6, 44.
Sexton, J. B., Thomas, E., & Pronovost, P. J. (2005). In P. P. Reid, W.D. Compton, J. H. Grossman, G. Fanjiant (Eds.), Building a Better Delivery System: A New Engineering/Health Care Partnership (pp. 119-23). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 40: Joint Commission 2008.
Timmel, J., Kent, P. S., Holzmueller, C. G., Paine, L. A., Schulick, R. D., & Pronovost, P. J. (2010). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 36(6), 252-60.
Thomas, L. & Galla, C. (2013). BMJ Quality and Safety 22(5), 425-34.
Weaver, S. J., Lyons, R., et al. (2010). Academy Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 85(11), 1746-60.
Weaver, S. J., Lubomksi, L. H., et al. (2013). Annals of Intern Medicine 158(5 Pt 2), 369-74.
Simulation
Daniels, K. & Auguste, T. (2013). Seminars in Perinatology 37(3), 146-50.
Daniels K, Lipman S, Harney K, Arafeh J, & Druzin M. (2008). Simulation in Healthcare 3, 154-60.
Davis, S., Miller, K., & Riley, W. (2008). Paper presented at Improving Patient Safety Conference. Cambridge, UK: Robinson College.
Ekmekci, O., Plack, M., Pintz, C., Bocchino, J., Lelacheur, S., & Halvaksz, J. (2013). Journal of Allied Health 42(1), 17-24.
Eppich, W., Howard, V., Vozenilek, J., Curran, I. (2011). Simulation in Healthcare: Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare Suppl:S14-9.
Figueroa, M., Sepanski, R., Goldberg, S., & Shah, S. (2013). Pediatric Cardiology 34(3), 612-619.
Figueroa, J., Mccracken, C., Hebbar, K., & Colman, N. (2019). Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care 8(2), 83-91.
Garbee, D. D., Paige, J., et al. (2013). Nurse Education Perspectives 34(5), 339-44.
Greer, J.A., Haischer-Rollo, G., Delorey, D., Kiser, R., Sayles, T., Bailey, J., Blosser, C., Middlebrooks, R., & Ennen, C.S. (2019). Cureus 11(2), e4096.
Harvey, E., Wright, A., Taylor, D., Bath, J. & Collier, B. (2013). Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 44(11), 484-485.
Martinelli, S. M., Chen, F., Hobbs, G., et al. (2018). Cureus 10(3).
Meier, A. H., Boehler, M. L., et al. (2012). Archives of Surgery 147(8), 761-6.
Moorthy, K., Munz, Y., Adams, S., Pandey, V., & Darzi, A. (2005). Annals of Surgery 242(5), 631-8.
Morgan, P., Pittini, R., Regehr, G., Marrs, C., & Haley, M. (2007). Anesthesiology 106, 907-15.
Meurling, L., Hedman, L., Sandahl, C., Fell盲nder-Tsai, L., & Wallin, C. (2013). BMJ Quality & Safety 22(6), 485-94.
Naik, V. N., & Brien, S. E. (2013). Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 60(2), 192-200.
Nguyen, N., Watson, W.D., & Dominguez E. (2019). Journal of Surgical Education 76(3), 856-863.
Nunnink, L., Welsh, A., Abbey, M., & Buschel, C. (2009). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 37(1), 74-78.
Palmer, E., Labanti, A.L., Edwards, T.F., & Boothby, J. (2019). Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 50(7), 319-324.
Patterson, M. D., Geis, G. L., et al. (2013). BMJ Quality & Safety 22(6), 468-77.
Paull, D. E., Deleeuw, L. D., Wolk, S., Paige, J. T., Neily, J., & Mills, P. D. (2013). Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 44(11), 516-24.
Powers, K., Rehrig, S., Irias, N., et al. (2008). Surgical Endoscopy 22(4), 885-900.
Riley, W., David, S., Miller, K., et al. (2011). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 37(8), 357-64.
Sandahl, C., Gustafsson, H., et al. (2013). International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 26(2), 174-88.
Salas, E., Wilson, K. A., Burke, C. S., & Priest, H. A. (2005). Journal of Quality and Patient Safety 31(7), 363-71.
Schmidt, E., Goldhaber-Fiebert, S., Ho, L., & McDonald, K. (2013). Annals of Internal Medicine 158(5 Pt 2), 426-432.
Shear, T., Greenberg, S., & Tokarczyk, A. (2013). Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 26(2), 159-163.
Yee, B., Naik, V., et al. (2005). Anesthesiology 103(2), 241-8.
Surgical Care and OR
This is a list of resources for surgical care and OR. Return to the main list to explore other topic areas.
Allen, R.W., Taaffe, K.M., Neilley, V., & Busby, E. (2019). Journal of Healthcare Management 64(2), 111-121.
Awad, S., Fagan, S., Bellows, C., et al. (2005). American Journal of Surgery 190(5), 770-4.
Bleakley, A., Allard, J., & Hobbs, A. (2013). Advances in Health Sciences Education 18(1), 33-56.
Bogn脿r, A., Barach, P., Johnson, J. K., et al. (2008). Annals of Thoracic Surgery 85(4), 1374-81.
Dedy, N. J., Zevin, B., Bonrath, E. M., Grantcharov, T. P. (2013). Journal of Surgical Education 70(5), 578-84.
Greenberg, C. C., Regenbogen, S. E., Studdert, D. M., et al. (2007). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 204(4), 533-40.
Guerlain, S., Adamns, R., Turrentine, F., et al. (2005). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200(1), 29-37.
Healey, A., Undre, S., & Vincent, C. (2004). Quality and Safety in Health Care 13, 133-40.
Healey, A., Undre, S., & Vincent, C. (2006). Quality and Safety in Health Care 15, 231-4.
Healey, G. B., Barker, J., & Madonna, G. (2006). Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons 91(11), 26-9.
Helmreich, R. L., Schaefer. H. G. (1994). In M. S. Bogner (Ed.) Human Error in Healthcare (pp 225-253). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hoang, T. N., Kang, J., et al. (2013). Journal of Special Operations Medicine 13(4), 22-33.
Lingard, L., Espin, S., Whyte, S., et al. (2004). Quality and Safety in Health Care 13(5), 330-4.
Lingard L, Regehr G, Orser B, et al. (2008). Archives of Surgery 143(1), 12-17.
Makary, M. A., Holzmueller, C. G., Thompson, D. A., et al. (2006). Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety 32(6), 351-5.
Makary, M. A., Sexton, J. B., Freischlag, J. A., et al. (2006). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 202(5), 746-52.
Mazzocco, K., Petitti, D., Fong, K., et al. (2009). American Journal of Surgery 197(5), 678-85.
Meier, A. H., Boehler, M. L., et al. (2012). Archives of Surgery 147(8), 761-6.
Mills, P., Neily, J., & Dunn, E. (2008). Journal of the American College of Surgeons 206(I), 107-12.
Mishra, A., Catchpole, K., & McMulloch, P. (2009). Quality and Safety in Health Care 18(2), 104-8.
Moorthy, K., Munz, Y., Adams, S., Pandey, V., & Darzi, A. (2005). Annals of Surgery 242(5), 631-8.
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